WASHINGTON — The U.S. economy suffered an unexpected setback in July as hiring fell sharply and the unemployment rate rose for the fourth straight month with sustained higher interest rates taking a toll on businesses and consumers.
Friday’s report from the Labor Department showed that employers added just 114,000 jobs in July – 35% fewer than forecasters had expected – and that unemployment, now up to 4.3%, is the highest since October 2021.
“Things are deteriorating quickly,’’ said Julia Pollak, chief economist at the job marketplace ZipRecruiter. The news shook financial markets around the world and the Dow plunged 900 points.
The sturdiness of the U.S. economy - the world’s largest - has been a key driver of global economic growth and the U.S. jobs market is a big reason for it, underpinning the American expansion and giving consumers the confidence and financial wherewithal to keep spending
The unemployment rate’s jump to 4.3% in July crossed a tripwire that historically has signaled that the United States is in recession - though economists say the gauge probably is not reliable in the topsy-turvy post-pandemic economy.
Hiring may have been disrupted by Hurricane Beryl, which slammed the Texas economy last month. And ZipRecruiter’s Pollak noted that employers have cut workers’ hours and there have been some temporary layoffs - perhaps signaling that they are optimistic that Fed rate cuts will turn things around.
“They re not cutting jobs outright,’’ she said. ”They are just slowing hiring and putting people on temporary layoff, furlough. They want to get back to business. They see lots of opportunities to expand. They they just need rates to be (lower).’’
The weak data from the jobs market arrives two days after the Federal Reserve said it would hold off on cutting interest rates until it sees more evidence that inflation is continuing to move closer to its 2% target.
Fed Chair Jerome Powell characterized the American job market as healthy, despite growing calls for the central bank to begin lowering its benchmark rate, which stands at a 23-year high, to preempt a major weakening of the U.S. economy and job market.
Another indication that the U.S. labor market is cooling can be found in average hourly wages, which rose just 3.6% from July of last year, smallest year-over-year gain since May 2021 and a development likely to ease inflationary pressure in the economy.
Jobs gains have been concentrated in a few industries. Healthcare and social assistance firms added 64,000 jobs last month, accounting for 56% of hiring. Restaurants, hotels and bars added nearly 26,000 jobs.
Labor Department revisions also clipped 29,000 jobs from May and June payrolls. So far this year, the economy has generated nearly 203,000 jobs a month, solid but down from 251,000 last year, 377,000 in 2022 and a record 604,000 in 2021, when the job market roared back from pandemic lockdowns.
The economy is weighing heavily on voters’ minds as they prepare for the presidential election in November. Even before Friday’s disappointing hiring numbers, many had been unimpressed with the strong job gains of the past three years, exasperated instead by high prices. Two years ago, inflation hit a four-decade high. The price increases eased, but consumers are still paying 19% more for goods and services overall than they were before inflation first heated up in spring 2021.
The so-called Sahm Rule, named for the former Fed economist who came up with it, Claudia Sahm, holds that a recession is almost always already underway if the unemployment rate (based on a three-month moving average) rises by half a percentage point from its low of the past year. The jump to 4.3% unemployment crossed the threshold.
Still, Sahm, now chief economist at the investment firm New Century Advisors, said before Friday’s report that this time “a recession is not imminent’’ even if the Sahm Rule were triggered. That is partly because America’s jobs numbers have been unsettled by an unexpected surge in immigration - much of it illegal - over the past couple of years.
The new arrivals have poured into the American labor force and helped ease labor shortages across the economy - but not all of them have found jobs right away, pushing up the jobless rate. Moreover, people who have entered the country illegally are less inclined to respond to the Labor Department’s jobs survey, meaning they can go uncounted as employed.
Sahm had urged Fed policymakers to cut their benchmark interest rate at their meeting this week, but they chose to leave it unchanged at the highest level in 23 years. They are widely expected to start reducing the rate at their next meeting in September.
On Wednesday, the Fed signaled that it would likely cut its benchmark interest rate at its next meeting in September from its current level of 5.3%, a 23-year high. The slowdown in hiring has spurred calls from economists and many investors for the Fed to implement a half-point cut rather than the more traditional quarter-point.
Fed Chair Jerome Powell downplayed that possibility at a press conference Wednesday, though he did not rule it out.
“I don’t want to be really specific about what we’re going to do but that’s not something we’re thinking about right now,” Powell said.
On Friday, the odds of a half-point cut soared in financial markets after the jobs report was released. Traders on Friday priced in a 63% chance of half-point cut, up from just 22% a day earlier, according to futures markets.
“The Fed has so much room to cut,’’ Pollak said.
Economists on Friday were questioning whether the Fed had waited too long to start easing borrowing costs. “Oh dear, has the Fed made a policy mistake?’’ said Seema Shah, chief global strategist at Principal Asset Management. ”The labor market’s slowdown is now materializing with more clarity … a September rate cut is in the bag and the Fed will be hoping that they haven’t, once again, been too slow to act.’’
Chris Maher is CEO OceanFirst Bank in Red Bank, New Jersey, which works with 20,000 small businesses from restaurants and hotels to car dealerships. Maher said those businesses have pulled back on hiring since Memorial Day with uncertainty growing about the economy and more cautious behavior from shoppers.
He noted that a Fed rate cut in September could boost businesses like home construction and car dealerships by cutting the cost of loans, leading to a pickup in hiring. But he remains cautious. “The economy is doing well. But there are a lot of outside stresses,” he said. “There’s an active election. We have increasing geopolitical risks… we need to see some of those risks fade a bit.”
The Labor Department reported Thursday that 1.88 million Americans were collecting unemployment benefits the week of July 20, most since November 2021 – and a sign that those without a job are likely struggling to find a new one.
Julian Cannon, 34, of New York lost his job as a reporter at a online publication back in December. He’s applied for hundreds of jobs with no luck. One company interviewed him eight times for several positions, then ended up hiring a candidate who already worked there. “I’m still looking, and I’m at a breaking point,’’ he said.
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AP Retail Writer Anne D’Innocenzio in New York contributed to this report.
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