OPINION:
I was surprised last weekend when one of President Trump’s lawyers told my colleague Chris Wallace twice on “Fox News Sunday” that the president is being investigated by the FBI and then told him twice that he is not. This same lawyer repeated the “not being investigated” argument on a half-dozen other Sunday shows but did not repeat the “is being investigated” remark.
This produced substantial consternation in the news media and at the White House, since the president himself had tweeted over the weekend that he is being investigated for firing FBI Director James Comey by the same person — Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein — who recommended Mr. Comey’s firing and that the investigation is a “witch hunt.”
So, who is correct, the president or his lawyer? Is the president under criminal investigation by the FBI? If he is being investigated as he claims, is the investigation a witch hunt? Here is the back story.
When Donald Trump began running for the Republican nomination for president in June 2015 and made novel arguments indicating that his view was that Europe should essentially pay for its own military defense, this triggered concern in European capitals, and it resulted in the commencement of now well-documented British surveillance of Mr. Trump and his principal adviser on national security matters, retired Lt. Gen. Michael Flynn. The foreign surveillance was eventually passed on to American spies, who acceded to demands from the West Wing of the Obama White House and handed over transcripts of conversations and names of participants.
This went on throughout the presidential campaign and into the transition period after Mr. Trump had been elected. President Obama’s national security adviser, Susan Rice, recently confirmed that she ordered transcripts of surveilled conversations and names of participants — this is called “unmasking” in intelligence community lingo — and James Clapper, the Obama administration’s director of national intelligence, recently acknowledged under oath the existence of the foreign and domestic surveillance of Mr. Trump in 2015 and 2016, as well as the unmasking.
One of the unmasked conversations handed over to Ms. Rice was between Mr. Flynn and the Russian ambassador to the U.S., Sergey Kislyak. Portions of that conversation were leaked to The Washington Post, and that generated interest in the relationship, if any, of the Trump campaign and transition team to the Russian government. This provoked a preliminary FBI investigation into Mr. Flynn. Mr. Flynn apparently was interviewed by the FBI while ignorant of the FBI’s possession of transcripts of his conversations with Mr. Kislyak. If Mr. Flynn lied in that interview as has been reported and speculated in the press, he committed a felony. When Mr. Trump learned Mr. Flynn had lied to others, he fired Mr. Flynn.
Mr. Flynn’s firing ratcheted up the investigation of him, as well as the investigation of whether anyone from the Trump campaign had assisted Russian intelligence agents in hacking into computers in America in order to affect the outcome of the election. When Mr. Trump asked then-FBI Director Comey whether he, Donald J. Trump, was being investigated by the FBI, Mr. Comey thrice said no. That was, no doubt, true at the time. The Trump campaign and the Trump transition team were being investigated, but not Mr. Trump personally.
Then the president, according to Mr. Comey, asked Mr. Comey to drop the investigation into whether Mr. Flynn had lied to FBI agents and others. Then, according to Mr. Comey, the president suggested to him that he could keep his job as FBI director if he dropped the Flynn investigation. Then the president fired Mr. Comey.
After Mr. Comey released a portion of a memo containing his recollections of his conversations with Mr. Trump, Deputy Attorney General Rosenstein appointed former FBI Director Robert Mueller as independent prosecutor to investigate and charge, if appropriate, anyone criminally implicated in the Flynn investigation, the investigation of Russian attempts to influence the 2016 election, the investigation of whether any assistance was provided to the Russians by any Americans, and all related matters.
Because Mr. Comey presented a credible case for the possibility that the president interfered with a federal criminal investigation, Mr. Mueller no doubt is investigating that as one of the related matters. In that respect, Mr. Trump is under investigation by the FBI, which seeks to determine whether he attempted to influence a federal criminal investigation for a corrupt purpose.
Yet as a sitting president, Mr. Trump cannot be indicted for any criminal behavior committed while in office. Hence he cannot be a “target” of an FBI investigation. I use the word “target” in quotation marks because it has a technical meaning — namely, that the Department of Justice plans to seek an indictment. So though it is true that the president is being investigated by the FBI, it is also true that he is not a target of that investigation.
Of what value is a criminal investigation of a person if that person cannot be charged criminally? Can’t the president fire an FBI director without fear of a criminal investigation of his purposes? Can’t he order the cessation of a criminal investigation without fearing that the FBI will investigate the reasons for his order?
Sometimes criminal investigations exonerate a person, and the FBI, without fanfare, will just drop it. In the case of the president, any evidence of guilt will go to the House Judiciary Committee, not a grand jury, as the constitutional remedy for presidential criminal behavior is impeachment, not indictment. Of course, the president can fire a director of the FBI for any noncorrupt reason, but if he does so after a rejected quid pro quo as Mr. Comey has publicly claimed that Mr. Trump did, that can trigger the woes Mr. Trump now endures.
We live in perilous times — times that demand fidelity to first principles. The core of those principles is the rule of law: No one is beneath laws’ protections, and no one is above their requirements. No one.
• Andrew P. Napolitano, a former judge of the Superior Court of New Jersey, is a contributor to The Washington Times. He is the author of seven books on the U.S. Constitution.
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