BEIJING — Long-anointed successor Xi Jinping assumed the leadership of China on Thursday, as the ruling Communist Party confronts slower economic growth, a public clamor to end corruption and demands for change that threaten its hold on power.
The country’s political elite named Mr. Xi to the top party post and unexpectedly put him in charge of the military, too, after a weeklong party congress and months of divisive bargaining.
The appointments give him broad authority, but not the luxury of time. After decades of juggernaut growth, China sits on the cusp of global pre-eminence as the second-largest economy and newest power, but it also has urgent domestic troubles that could frustrate its rise.
Problems that have long festered — from the sputtering economy to friction with the U.S. and territorial spats with Japan and other neighbors — have worsened in recent months as the leadership focused on the power transfer.
Impatience has grown among entrepreneurs, others in the new middle class and migrant workers — all wired by social media and conditioned by two decades of rising living standards to expect better government, if not democracy.
All along, police have continued to harass and jail a lengthening list of political foes, dissidents, civil rights lawyers and labor activists.
A 14-year-old Tibetan set himself on fire Thursday in western China, the latest of more than 70 self-immolations Tibetans have staged in the past 20 months in desperate protests against Chinese rule.
No Gorbachev
In his first address to the nation, Mr. Xi, a 59-year-old son of a revolutionary hero, acknowledged the lengthy agenda for what should be the first of two five-year terms in office.
He promised to deliver better social services while making sure China stands tall in the world and the party continues to rule.
“Our responsibility now is to rally and lead the entire party and the people of all ethnic groups in China in taking over the historic baton and in making continued efforts to achieve the great renewal of the Chinese nation,” a confident Mr. Xi said in nationally televised remarks from the Great Hall of the People.
He later said “we are not complacent, and we will never rest on our laurels” in confronting challenges — corruption chief among them.
By his side stood the six other newly appointed members of the Politburo Standing Committee: Li Keqiang, the presumptive premier and chief economic official; Vice Premier Zhang Dejiang; Shanghai party secretary Yu Zhengsheng; propaganda chief Liu Yunshan; Tianjin party secretary Zhang Gaoli; and Vice Premier Wang Qishan, once the leadership’s top troubleshooter who will head the party’s internal watchdog panel.
Mr. Xi gave no hint of new thinking to address the problems. The lack of specifics and the new leadership heavy with conservative technocrats deflated expectations for change in some quarters.
“We should be expecting more of the same, not some fundamental break from the past,” said Dali Yang, a professor at the University of Chicago specializing in China.
Fundamental for the leadership is to maintain the party’s rule, he said.
“They are not interested in introducing China’s [Mikhail] Gorbachev,” the Soviet leader whose reforms hastened the end of the Soviet Union, Mr. Yang said.
Economic blues
Many of the challenges Mr. Xi confronts are legacies of his predecessor, Hu Jintao.
In addition to relinquishing his role as party chief, having reached the two-term maximum, Mr. Hu also stepped down from the party commission that oversees the military. The move is a break from the past in which exiting party leaders kept hold of the military portfolio for several years.
During Mr. Hu’s 10 years in office, policies to open China to trade and foreign investment begun by his predecessors gathered momentum, turning China into a manufacturing powerhouse and drawing tens of millions of rural migrants into cities. Easy credit fueled a building boom, the Beijing Olympics and the world’s longest high-speed rail network.
At the same time, Mr. Hu relied on an ever-larger security apparatus to suppress protests, even as demonstrations continued to increase.
“More and more citizens are beginning to awaken to their rights, and they are constantly asking for political reform,” said rights activist Hu Jia, who has been jailed for campaigning for AIDS patients and orphans. “The Communist Party does not have legitimacy. It is a party of dictatorship that uses violence to obtain political power.
“What we need now is for this country’s people to have the right to choose who they are governed by,” the activist said.
Chief among the problems Mr. Xi and his team will have to tackle is the economy.
Though Mr. Hu pledged more balanced development, inequality has risen and housing costs have soared. In the past year, the economy has flagged, dragged down by anemic demand in Europe and the U.S. for Chinese products and an overhang from excessive lending for factories and infrastructure.
With state banks preferring to lend to state-run companies or not at all, private entrepreneurs have had to turn to unofficial moneylenders.
“The bank just asked me to wait,” said Deng Mingxin, who runs a zipper factory with 10 employees in Jiangsu province. “Maybe it’s because I didn’t offer enough ’red envelopes’” — a reference to bribes.
The World Bank warns that without quick action, growth that fell to a three-year low of 7.4 percent in the latest quarter may fall to 5 percent by 2015 — a low rate for generating the employment and funding the social programs Beijing holds as key to keeping a lid on unrest.
Analysts and Beijing’s own advisers have said it needs to overhaul its strategy and nurture consumer spending and services to meet its pledge of doubling incomes by 2020.
“China will need a very different economy in the next decade,” said Citigroup Inc. economist Minggao Shen.
The age factor
In foreign policy, the U.S. and other partners are looking for reassurance that China’s policy remains one of peaceful integration into the world community.
Tensions have flared in recent months between China, Japan and the Philippines over contested islets in the East and South China Seas. Mistrust also has grown with the U.S. as it diverts more military and diplomatic resources to Asia in what Chinese leaders see as containment.
Fresh in office, Mr. Xi can ill-afford to bow to foreigners, crossing a nationalistic public and a military that may still be uncertain about his leadership.
“The leaders can’t look like they are being soft on the U.S. or foreign policy because they will lose power in terms of people,” said Robert Lawrence Kuhn, a business consultant and author of the book “How China’s Leaders Think.”
Mr. Kuhn predicts more tough rhetoric than action in the months ahead, but expects Xi’s leadership to develop a more nuanced foreign policy as it consolidates its authority at home.
Of all the knotty long-term challenges, few threaten to derail China’s march to a more prosperous society more than its rapidly aging society.
Baby boomers whose labor manned the factories and construction sites are starting to retire. Meanwhile, fewer Chinese are entering the workforce after a generation of family planning limits and higher incomes led to smaller families.
If left unchecked, the trend will further stress already-pressed social security funds.
Scrapping the rule that limits many families to one child would help in the long run, some say, and is being encouraged.
But the leadership for years has delayed change, in part because it sees smaller families and fewer births as having helped raise incomes overall.
“China has wasted some time and opportunities partly because its growth over the last 10 years was so spectacular,” said Wang Feng, director of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy and a specialist on China’s demographics. “Now it no longer has that luxury.”
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