STOCKHOLM (AP) — Two Americans and a British Cypriot won the 2010 Nobel economics prize Monday for developing a theory that helps explain how many people can remain unemployed despite a large number of job vacancies.
Federal Reserve Board nominee Peter Diamond was honored along with fellow American Dale Mortensen and British-Cypriot Christopher Pissarides with the 10 million Swedish kronor ($1.5 million) prize for their analysis of the obstacles that prevent buyers and sellers from efficiently pairing up in markets.
Mr. Diamond — a former mentor to current Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke — analyzed the foundations of so-called search markets, while Mr. Mortensen and Mr. Pissarides expanded the theory and applied it to the labor market.
Their work, dating back to the 1970s and ’80s, sheds light on why the classical view of markets, in which prices are set so that buyers and sellers always find each other and all resources are fully utilized, doesn’t always apply to the real world.
One example is the housing market, where buyers can struggle to find new homes even though there are a number of unsold properties available.
Another is the labor market. Because searching for jobs takes time and resources, it creates friction in the job market, helping explain why there are both job vacancies and unemployment simultaneously, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said.
“The laureates’ models help us understand the ways in which unemployment, job vacancies and wages are affected by regulation and economic policy,” the citation said.
Their work resulted in the so-called Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides model, a frequently used tool to estimate how unemployment benefits, interest rates, the efficiency of employment agencies and other factors can affect the labor market.
“One conclusion is that more generous unemployment benefits give rise to higher unemployment and longer search times,” the academy said.
Mr. Diamond, 70, is an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an authority on Social Security, pensions and taxation.
President Obama nominated Mr. Diamond to become a member of the Federal Reserve, but the Senate failed to approve his nomination before lawmakers left to campaign for the midterm congressional elections.
Senate Republicans have objected to what they see as Mr. Diamond’s limited experience in dissecting the inner workings of the national economy.
“I hope he will be confirmed by the Senate as quickly as possible,” Mr. Obama said in a statement congratulating Mr. Diamond and the other two laureates.
Mr. Bernanke was one of Mr. Diamond’s students at MIT. When Mr. Bernanke turned in his doctoral dissertation in 1979, one of the people he thanked was Mr. Diamond for being generous with his time and reading and discussing Mr. Bernanke’s work.
Mr. Diamond said he was returning to his suburban Boston home from New Zealand when he found out about the prize. His wife and son picked him up from Boston’s Logan International Airport, and he got a phone call from a friend.
“Fortunately, I was sitting down and wasn’t behind the steering wheel,” Mr. Diamond said.
“It kind of takes your breath away. You suddenly realize that not only is it the moment, but also there are all sorts of changes in your life, opportunities opening up, all sorts of things that are going to be different,” Mr. Diamond said at a news conference later at MIT.
He said the U.S. stimulus spending last year helped prevent much higher unemployment, and a second round also would be beneficial.
Mr. Pissarides, a 62-year-old professor at the London School of Economics, was the first Nobel winner with Cypriot citizenship, academy spokesman Erik Huss said.
Speaking from his north London home, Mr. Pissarides told the Associated Press the announcement came as “a complete surprise,” though his work already has helped shape thinking on both sides of the Atlantic.
For example, the New Deal for Young People, a British government initiative aimed at getting 18- to 24-year-olds back on the job market after long spells of unemployment, “is very much based on our work,” he said.
“One of the key things we found is that it is important to make sure that people do not stay unemployed too long so they don’t lose their feel for the labor force,” Mr. Pissarides told reporters in London. “The ways of dealing with this need not be expensive training — it could be as simple as providing work experience.”
And he criticized proposed austerity measures in the United Kingdom.
“It really is too much too quickly,” he said. “The government has the correct approach but should not work so suddenly or abruptly.”
Mr. Mortensen, 71, is an economics professor at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill. He currently is a visiting professor at the University of Aarhus in Denmark, where the academy reached him by phone as he was having lunch with colleagues.
Mr. Mortensen told the AP he was asked not to share the news until the announcement in Stockholm 30 minutes later.
“So I was sitting there at the table, and I think they knew from the smile on my face what had happened. Everyone knows this is the day,” he said.
Mr. Diamond wrote a paper in the early 1980s that found that unemployment compensation can lead to better job matches. Workers “become more selective in the jobs they accept” because of the employment aid. And that makes for better matches and increases efficiency, he found.
He told a Senate committee during his nomination hearing in July that a central theme of his research has been how the economy deals with risks that affect both individuals and the economy as a whole.
“In all my central research areas, I have thought about and written about the risks in the economy and how markets and government can combine to make the economy function better for individuals,” he said in that hearing.
The economics prize is not among the original awards established by Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel in his 1895 will, but was created in 1968 by the Swedish central bank in his memory.
The economics jury was the last of the Nobel committees to announce 2010 winners.
Last week, British Professor Robert Edwards won the medicine prize for research that led to the first test tube baby. Russian-born scientists Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov shared the physics prize for groundbreaking experiments with graphene, the strongest and thinnest material known to mankind.
The chemistry award went to American Richard Heck and Japanese researchers Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki for designing techniques to bind together carbon atoms.
Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa won the literature prize, and the imprisoned Chinese democracy campaigner Liu Xiaobo was named the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.
The awards always are presented on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death in 1896.
Associated Press writers Malin Rising in Stockholm; Jan M. Olsen in Copenhagen; Jeannine Aversa in Washington; Raphael Satter, Jane Wardell and Benjamin Timmins in London; Mark Pratt in Boston; Steve LeBlanc in Cambridge, Mass.; and Menelaos Hadjicostis in Nicosia, Cyprus, contributed to this report.
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