NEW ORLEANS (AP) — After three long months, the bleeding from the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico has been finally, mercifully stanched. But in so many ways, the prognosis remains uncertain.
Which species will rebound, and which have been pushed beyond the brink? Has the oil accelerated the die-off of marshlands that protect one of America’s great cities and make this the nation’s second most-productive fishing region? What effect will the BP spill have on the future of deep-sea drilling — at once boon and bane — in the Gulf?
And, of more immediate concern to people along the nation’s Southern coast, where will the millions of as-yet uncollected, unburned, unseen gallons of oil from the blown-out Deepwater Horizon well end up?
Second-generation Plaquemines Parish resident Sandy Reno isn’t sure she wants to wait around to find out the answers.
“I’m ready to pack up and leave,” says Mrs. Reno, 43, whose shrimper husband, like so many others along this coast, is now dependent on cleanup work from the company held responsible for the disaster. “When you’ve had enough, you’ve had enough. I’ve had enough already.”
Just as the stumbling federal response to Hurricane Katrina five years ago exposed not just chinks, but spider- web networks of fissures in our national armor, the failure to prevent and then quickly stop the spill has shaken many people’s faith in American might.
“We’re a superpower — the United States,” New Orleans chef and sometime fishing guide Eric Schutzman said recently as he took a break from carving up a batch of black drum and redfish caught in an unclosed section of Black Bay. “We put a man on the moon. You’d think we’d have enough brilliant minds to get it all cleaned up and get on with it.”
Since the Deepwater Horizon exploded on April 20 and sank 50 miles off the tip of Louisiana, as much as 184 million gallons of crude have hemorrhaged into the Gulf.
To get an idea of what Gulf Coast residents might be facing, many have looked back to the region’s last worst drilling accident, the 1979 Ixtoc spill. It took Pemex, Mexico’s state-owned oil company, 10 months to contain the spill. By then, 140 million gallons of crude had bled into the gulf.
Wes Tunnell, associate director of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, is traveling the region, looking for traces of the spill and speaking to people who lived through it. His blog is plastered with photos of red mangrove roots clogged with thin, weathered tar mats — possibly from Ixtoc.
Mr. Tunnell and his colleagues interviewed 74-year-old Jose Chay, a longtime fisherman in Celestun, Yucatan. Mr. Chay told Mr. Tunnell that the spill forced locals to switch to jobs such as salt mining, crabbing in the lagoon or making charcoal from the region’s lush forests.
“They did these things for varying periods of time,” Mr. Tunnell writes, noting that some started back fishing in about two years, but with poor results. “Others got back to fishing in 4-5 years when things seemed to be back to usual for the fin fish but not shellfish.”
But, Mr. Chay told Mr. Tunnell, “It permanently killed all of the oysters and clams, the same thing we heard in Isla Arenas yesterday.”
Large sections of the U.S. Gulf Coast, which accounts for 60 percent to 70 percent of the oysters eaten in the United States, have been closed to harvesting. It remains to be seen what effect the spill will have on the fishery.
Some watermen have been pulling up gape-shelled, dead oysters. But that is likely a byproduct of the state’s efforts to keep the oil out of inland waters by diverting thousands of gallons of fresh water into the estuaries, says Mike Voisin, a member of the Louisiana Oyster Task Force.
A meeting is scheduled in early August to determine the next harvest season, but Mr. Voisin said it could be years before the spill’s effects on the industry will be known.
“We always have three crops of oysters on the bottom, or three-year classes,” said Mr. Voisin, owner of Motivatit Seafoods in Houma, La. “So when you’re thinking about mortality, you’re not just thinking about this year’s harvest, you’re thinking about 2010, ’11 and ’12’s harvest.”
Oysters, shrimp and other valuable commercial fisheries depend on the continued health of the marshlands that nurse and nurture the species upon which the industry rests.
Louisiana, home to 40 percent of the nation’s coastal wetlands, has been losing 35 to 50 square miles of marsh a year for decades, much of it from the ditching and canal-digging activities connected to the oil industry. In places where oil has intruded, marsh grasses have turned brown and brittle, but it is unclear yet how deep the death goes.
When talking about the marshes to laypeople, chemical oceanographer Thomas Bianchi likes to use the analogy of a giant tea bag.
“When you put a tea bag in water, the tea that you see are organic compounds that’s coming from the tea leaves,” says Mr. Bianchi, a professor at Texas A&M University. “So you get that kind of release from the normal healthy marshes as they grow and die.”
With funding from the National Science Foundation, Mr. Bianchi is leading a team that will soon gather thousands of liters of water from Barataria Bay.
Through a process called reverse osmosis/electrodialysis, they will distill that down to hundreds of milliliters. That concentrate will be subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and other processes to determine whether the marsh is dying at the roots, not just above the water line, and how much of the petroleum — and the 1.8 million gallons of chemical dispersants dumped on it — has gotten into the food chain.
Mr. Bianchi, who fled New Orleans and his job at Tulane University after losing his home to Hurricane Katrina, said his “gut feeling” is that the marshes have died below the water. If that is the case, he’s concerned that this die-off could have a “cascading effect.”
“It just makes the whole estuary more vulnerable.”
Mr. Bianchi expects to have some preliminary test results in a matter of days or weeks, but it may well be two or three years before the spill’s impact on the deep-sea environment, says Jeffrey Baguley, a marine biologist at the University of Nevada.
These communities of organisms are big players in the processing and recycling of organic carbon, says Mr. Baguley, who specializes in the study of marine invertebrates. There is still a lot of oil floating beneath the water’s surface, and Mr. Baguley is concerned about how much of it will end up on the seafloor.
“We have organisms that live there in the deep sea that we’re not sure of their overall function, their overall impact,” he says. “So it’s always prudent to err on the side of caution when you’re impacting organisms you don’t fully understand.”
Another industry whose future is uncertain is deep-sea oil drilling.
The federal courts have blocked one Obama administration drilling moratorium, but the Interior Department issued a new one this week. Florida Gov. Charlie Crist is asking for a special legislative session to consider putting a constitutional amendment on the November ballot that would ban drilling within 10 miles of the state’s beaches.
The notion of halting all deepwater drilling until we know what happened here might seem a no-brainer to many people in other parts of the country, but here, where many families have feet in both industries, people are seriously conflicted.
Even those who have been damaged most by the spill are now wholly dependent on the industry. Compensation payments and cleanup contracts from BP have put many in the region on a kind of artificial life support, forestalling what could be major life decisions.
When the fishing is good, Wayne and Lisa Ledet, owners of Doris Seafood in Hopedale, make $500 to $1,000 a day packing crabs, oysters and shrimp for the Baltimore market. Now, their $80,000 ice machine is churning for just one customer: BP.
The Ledets won a contract to provide ice to three camps where BP is housing workers. Gypsy Gordon, 40, and boyfriend Shawn Platt, 45, were on the verge of pulling up stakes and heading to Florida when the Ledets hired them to fill plastic bags with ice.
With Platt shoveling, they fill 500 bags a day, at 35 cents apiece. They’re making about $100 less than they’re used to, Mr. Platt said, “but it’s a paycheck.”
“And it’s air-conditioned,” Ms. Gordon quipped.
BP employees tell them the company plans to be in Hopedale for two to three years.
“I’d rather be here bagging ice than anywhere else,” Ms. Gordon says.
But for some, this spill, coming on the heels of so many devastating hurricanes, has stretched the bonds of place.
If Sandy Reno could take her 13-year-old son and leave right now, she would.
“There was nothing down here for women after Katrina, anyway,” she says, emerging from a pharmacy in the town of Port Sulphur, a 20-mile drive from her home in Boothville. “We used to have shops and a fitness center and a pool at the YMCA. We don’t even have that anymore. This a man’s place. Just look around.”
But she knows there aren’t many places where a man like her husband, George, 52, with a seventh-grade education, could run his own business and thrive.
“If he was to take a crew boat job or be a tug boat driver, I think he could do it,” says Sandy Reno, who kept the books for the family’s two shrimp boats, the Captain Bubby and Little Dipper. “But that’s not what he’s done. He’s always worked for hisself.”
Only now, he’s working for BP — and still waiting to be paid for more than a month’s labor.
Work on the two relief wells intended to kill the well once and for all is expected to be completed next month. But experts say tar balls and oil mats will continue to wash ashore from Texas to Florida — and perhaps beyond — for years.
As Louisiana’s poet laureate, Darrell Bourque might be expected to have written something about the spill, but he’s still too overwhelmed.
“I don’t know how yet to translate that into the language of a poem,” the 68-year-old writer said from the family farm where he grew up near Opelousas in rural St. Landry Parish.
To a large extent, Mr. Bourque’s poetry is grounded in his belief that humans are just extensions of the landscape.
“One of the great lies and the great myths we’ve told ourselves is that there’s a division between the natural world and the human world,” he says. “And I think we’re as much an extension of the natural world as the plankton and the pelican.”
As sympathetic as he is to the plight of fishermen, oil workers and others who are hurting, Mr. Bourque has tired of hearing people talk about losing their “way of life.” As far as he is concerned, it’s that “way of life” that brought the Gulf to the edge of the abyss.
Vicki Smith reported from Hopedale, La.; Associated Press writer Holbrook Mohr reported from Port Sulphur, La.
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