The United States and India said yesterday they worked out differences that had impeded a plan to share civilian nuclear fuel and technology. They hailed a “historic milestone” in an accord that would reverse three decades of American anti-proliferation policy.
Critics say nuclear cooperation with India could spur the spread of nuclear weapons and would send the wrong message to countries like Iran as they pursue their own atomic programs. India built its bombs outside the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which provides civil nuclear trade in exchange for a pledge from nations not to pursue nuclear weapons.
While taking a major step forward, the deal still must be approved by international regulatory bodies and then face review by Congress. Yesterday’s announcement came after months of often frustrating technical talks on a broad deal that was struck two years ago.
The text of the document was not released, but negotiators said they had settled the thorniest issue: American reluctance to allow India to reprocess spent atomic fuel — a key step in making atomic weapons.
Undersecretary of State R. Nicholas Burns, the chief U.S. diplomat at the talks, said the United States agreed to an Indian offer to build a reprocessing facility safeguarded by U.N. inspectors that would prevent fuel from being used to build nuclear weapons.
Indian Foreign Secretary Shiv Shankar Menon, when asked whether the deal would allow India to divert supplies to its weapons program, said: “We are not using it as an excuse to enhance our strategic capabilities. The earlier these countries forget that, the better it is.”
Opponents say the extra fuel the measure provides could boost India’s nuclear bomb stockpile by freeing up its domestic uranium for weapons. That, they say, could spark a nuclear arms race in Asia.
But Mr. Burns said the deal will “liberate our two countries for a new engagement” after 30 years of tense relations over nuclear matters. It will also likely lead to increased defense cooperation and sales of U.S. military technology, he said.
President Bush hailed the deal as “another step in the continued progress that is deepening our strategic partnership with India, a vital world leader.”
The Indian side was clearly pleased with the deal. National Security Adviser M.K. Narayanan said India has “settled for what we think is more than adequate.”
Mr. Narayanan told reporters that the text did not address India’s demand to be allowed to continue to carry out nuclear tests.
“This deal deals primarily with civil nuclear cooperation. There is no reference here to the event of a test. If there is a test, we will come to that later on,” he said.
Mr. Burns said the United States would ask for all its fuel and technology to be returned should India test a nuclear weapon.
For nuclear trade to happen, India must make a separate agreement with the U.N. nuclear watchdog — the International Atomic Energy Agency — and with the Nuclear Suppliers Group, an assembly of nations that export nuclear material.
Mr. Burns said both countries hoped that could happen by the end of the year.
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