Meeting the risks of proliferation

In a remote corner of Southern Europe, the United States and Albania recently scored a quiet but important victory in the battle against the spread of weapons of mass destruction. This success points the way toward helping resolve some of the greatest threats the world faces from nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.

The location was Albania’s mountainous interior. During the Cold War, the predominantly Muslim nation was a Maoist dictatorship, the most isolated country in Europe and one of the most anti-Western in the world. Its journey from tyranny toward democracy has been determined but fitful — just a few years ago the country’s economy and government collapsed when the population was seized by a nationwide Ponzi scheme.

Albania’s current leadership, however, is eager to join the West and to eradicate the legacies of the communist past. One of the most frightening of those legacies was a secret cache of deadly chemical weapons and materials, 16 tons of lethal agents illegally imported during the 1980s by an earlier government. Discovered only in 2002, these chemicals posed an enormous danger to Albanians, should they have leaked, and to the rest of the world if they fell into the hands of terrorists or criminals.

Luckily, the government in Tirana recognized the risk and promptly sought out assistance from the United States. I visited the weapons site in Albania in August 2004, to discuss plans for security upgrades to the storage facility, and to help arrange for the stockpile’s destruction under new provisions of the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program.

Launched 15 years ago, the Nunn-Lugar program has concentrated primarily on securing and destroying nuclear, chemical and biological weapons in Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union. In 2003 I introduced legislation signed by President Bush to expand the Nunn-Lugar concept worldwide.

The president authorized a Nunn-Lugar weapons destruction project for Albania, and American and Albanian officials worked out a plan for the complicated and dangerous operation. Experts at the Pentagon’s Defense Threat Reduction Agency, which has over the years gained great experience in the complexities of how to destroy weapons safely, arranged for fabrication of the specialized equipment necessary.

Beginning last year, a team of U.S. contract workers, operating under Defense Department supervision, trucked the equipment and other materials up primitive mountain roads to the remote weapons site. There they constructed a warehouse-sized destruction facility to take the barrels of chemicals from the nearby bunker and destroy them.

Last month, the Albanian Defense Ministry announced Albania is the first nation to eliminate its complete stockpile of chemical weapons. All 16 tons were successfully destroyed. A potential terrorist threat was peacefully neutralized, and the United States forged closer links with an emerging nation, laying the groundwork for future cooperation.

This was an important first test of the Nunn-Lugar program outside the former Soviet Union, proving we can work with other governments in new environments. And it shows the value of expanding the Nunn-Lugar program so the United States can respond to nonproliferation opportunities wherever they may appear.

Russia, of course, will continue to be a focus of our weapons-destruction efforts. So far, Nunn-Lugar has deactivated 6,982 nuclear warheads, all previously aimed at the United States, and destroyed more than 1,500 long-range missiles. The program also secures and destroys chemical and biological weapons, and seeks to re-employ scientists in peaceful research so they won’t be tempted to sell their skills to rogue states or terrorist organizations.

But the Albanian success shows we can and must be prepared to address similar risks in the Middle East, Asia and anyplace else where supplies of weapons of mass destruction may be. The United States has developed a unique capability to meet a variety of proliferation threats, and we should actively seek new opportunities to dismantle dangerous weapons programs.

One of the most immediate occasions could be North Korea, which has resumed the six-party negotiations aimed at eliminating its nuclear weapons program. If a final agreement can be reached, the Nunn-Lugar program could play a central role in neutralizing the grave threat posed by the nuclear weapons and materials that Pyongyang has accumulated.

But this will require firm policy guidance and aggressive diplomacy by the administration to gain North Korea’s cooperation. The time to begin that process is now, well ahead of a final deal. With persistence and constant attention from the highest levels of the government, we can repeat the success of Albania in our most crucial challenge.

Richard Lugar, Indiana Republican, is ranking member of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Distributed by Scripps Howard News Service.