JOHANNESBURG | AIDS patients in South Africa are being robbed of their lifesaving drugs so that they can be mixed with marijuana and smoked, authorities and health experts say.
The concoction is called “whoonga” — less a word than an exclamation — and it adds a bizarre twist to the war on AIDS in the world’s worst-affected country just as it embarks on a massive distribution of medications.
Whoonga’s spread is so far limited to eastern KwaZulu-Natal, the country’s most AIDS-stricken province, but AIDS and addiction specialists worry that it could reach other parts of the country.
There’s no evidence that any ingredient of the AIDS drug cocktail is addictive or does anything to enhance the marijuana high. Whoonga smokers may be fooling themselves into believing the AIDS drugs are giving them a high, when it’s really some other ingredient, says Dr. Njabulo Mabaso, an AIDS expert.
AIDS is already a source of damaging myths in South Africa, such as that the disease can be prevented by sleeping with a virgin or showering after sex with an HIV-positive partner.
Some drug dealers are suspected of stretching the whoonga mixture with soap powder and even rat poison to increase their profits.
“We are seeing the use of whoonga in communities and its very widespread. It’s a substance that is openly spoken about in communities,” says Lihle Dlamini of the Treatment Action Campaign, which has lobbied hard to improve the government’s response to AIDS.
Drug dealers “are taking this treatment that is supposed to assist people living with HIV and abusing it,” Ms. Dlamini says.
In the eastern port city of Durban, Thamsanqa Langa said he didn’t know what whoonga was when dealers first started offering the cream-colored powder at 20 rand (about $3) a smoke.
It smelled to him of vinegar, said Mr. Langa, a soft-spoken 30-year-old of few words.
At first it just quieted him more. “You feel like you can say nothing. You can just sit in a quiet place, not talking,” he said.
But after a few days, Mr. Langa said, he started having powerful headaches, stomach pains and night sweats. When he went back to dealers, “They said, ’You need to smoke more, keep on smoking,’” Mr. Langa recalled in an interview. “That’s how I got hooked.”
He mooched AIDS drugs from HIV-infected friends, robbed houses, became a dealer and missed so many workdays that he lost his factory job. He says he smoked whoonga for four years until he gave it up in March.
Vincent Ndunge, a police spokesman in KwaZulu-Natal, said whoonga was first noticed two or three years ago when officers found gangs were robbing people of medication as they left hospitals.
Initially users crushed the pills and smoked them straight, but added other substances later, Mr. Ndunge said.
Carol du Toit of South Africa’s National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, a private organization, also says patients are being mugged for their medications or selling them, and that AIDS clinics are being robbed.
Ms. du Toit says staff of her group are seeing increasing numbers of whoonga users, many of whom also test positive for heroin. She also reports anecdotal evidence of whoonga use spreading beyond KwaZulu-Natal, the country’s most welfare-dependent province.
But police in Gauteng, South Africa’s most populous province and home to the country’s economic hub of Johannesburg, say they have not come across the drug.
Foreign experts say they have not heard of such abuse outside South Africa, and are unaware of research into whether AIDS drugs can add anything to a marijuana high.
Patrick Abok, a medical officer specializing in HIV for the World Health Organization’s South Africa office, said the U.N. agency had no information on whoonga, and referred questions to South African groups.
Dr. Mabaso, the physician who helps run a Durban clinic supported by the U.S.-based AIDS Healthcare Foundation, said one component of the AIDS cocktail causes hallucinations in some patients, but there’s no firm reason to believe it has that effect on addicts. He said Mr. Langa could have been suffering from withdrawal symptoms.
South Africa, a nation of about 50 million, has an estimated 5.7 million people infected with HIV.
Since taking office last year, President Jacob Zuma has sought to invigorate the previous government’s foundering effort, and doctors and nurses are being brought out of retirement and medical students mobilized for an ambitious testing and treatment campaign.
AIDS drugs must follow a strict regimen, and Ms. Dlamini worries that the theft or sale of medication can be disruptive. And if clinics are forced to replenish their supplies at a faster rate, their budgets could collapse, she said.
Thokozani Sokhulu, a community activist who started “Project Whoonga” this year, says he has helped about 20 addicts by getting them into rehab and finding them jobs or training.
Mr. Sokhulu also has made a short film to warn young people off whoonga. Its stars include Mr. Langa, the recovering whoonga smoker.
The larger problem is the province’s dire economic straits — 125,000 jobs lost in the global recession, and the poverty that young unemployed men face in places like Kwadebeka, a Durban neighborhood with no electricity or running water where Mr. Sokhulu and Mr. Langa work together to help addicts.
“The main problem is unemployment,” Mr. Sokhulu said. “It’s when they’re hanging around all day with nothing to do — that’s when they get hooked.”
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